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NAT is short for Network Address Translation, which is a technique used to allow multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address for accessing the internet or communicating with external devices. This is necessary due to the limited number of IP addresses available, as most devices are assigned a private IP address by their router.

Private IP addresses are specified by RFC 1918 and are not available on the public internet; they include the ranges 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255. When these devices try to communicate with the internet, they use this private IP address, but it's invisible to the external devices.

To address this issue, NAT is employed for resolving this problem. Here's how it operates: when a device on the private network initiates an internet request, the request is forwarded by the router to the local router. The router then converts the private IP address of the device to a public IP address of the router, effectively hiding the device's IP address from the external world.

For incoming data packets, the process is reversed. The router receives the packet, determines the originating device based on a port number, and forwards it to the device on the private network.

There are two primary types of NAT used in modern networks: NAT-PAT or full-cone NAT.

• NAT-PAT stands for Network Address Translation-Port Address Translation. It's the most widely used type of NAT in use today. NAT-PAT maps the private IP address and a specific port number to a public IP address and a free slot available on the network.
  
  
• Full-cone NAT maps an entire private IP address range to one public IP address. This type of NAT is not as frequently employed as NAT-PAT due to the limitations it imposes, 누누티비 but it is still used in some settings, including video games and streaming services that require multiple inbound connections.
  
  

In conclusion, Network Address Translation is an important technique used to address the limitations of the limited availability of public IP addresses. It allows thousands of devices to be connected to the internet without the need for unique public IP addresses.