The ALICE TPC, a Large 3-dimensional Tracking Device with Fast Readout for Ultra-High Multiplicity Events > 자유게시판

The design, building, ItagPro and commissioning of the ALICE Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) is described. It is the main gadget for pattern recognition, tracking, and identification of charged particles in the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. The TPC is cylindrical in shape with a quantity close to ninety m three and is operated in a 0.5 T solenoidal magnetic discipline parallel to its axis. On this paper we describe in detail the design considerations for this detector for operation in the extreme multiplicity atmosphere of central Pb-Pb collisions at LHC power. The implementation of the resulting requirements into hardware (subject cage, read-out chambers, electronics), infrastructure (gas and cooling system, laser-calibration system), and software led to many technical improvements which are described along with a presentation of all the major elements of the detector, as at present realized. We also report on the performance achieved after completion of the primary spherical of stand-alone calibration runs and iTagPro shop reveal results close to those specified in the TPC Technical Design Report.

ALICE ‘central barrel’, iTagPro shop for monitoring of charged particles and particle identification. The primary objective of the ALICE experiment on the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the investigation of Pb-Pb collisions at a middle-of-mass power of 5.5 TeV per nucleon pair. The resulting detector selection was a large-quantity TPC with overall ‘conventional’ lay-out but with nearly all different design parameters beyond the state of the art. This manuscript describes in detail the resulting detector and outlines the trail from design issues to development and commissioning. In define the ALICE TPC consists of a hollow cylinder whose axis is aligned with the beams from the LHC and ItagPro is parallel to the ALICE detector’s solenoidal magnetic subject. The detector ItagPro is filled with a counting gas consisting of a Ne-CO2-N2 mixture at atmospheric strain. Charged particles traversing the detector ionize the gas. The ionization electrons drift, underneath the affect of the electric subject, to the endplates of the cylinder, the place their arrival level within the cylinder aircraft is exactly measured.

The ALICE set-up is proven in Fig. 1. The TPC surrounds the Inner Tracking System (ITS) which is optimized for the dedication of the first and secondary vertices and precision monitoring of low-momentum particles. On the surface the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) is designed for electron identification. The outermost Time-Of-Flight (TOF) array gives pion, kaon, and proton identification. In addition, iTagPro shop there are three single-arm detectors: iTagPro features the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), the Electro-Magnetic CALorimeter (EMCAL) and an array of Rich counters optimized for high-Momentum Particle IDentification (HMPID). L3 solenoidal magnet previously used by the L3 experiment. The stringent requirement on the TPC temperature stability and homogeneity necessitate an elaborate cooling approach. The strategy to stabilize the TPC temperature was validated experimentally in a small take a look at setup and is described in Refs. Basically, it was demonstrated that thermal neutrality of the FECs could be achieved by ‘undercooling’, i.e. the cooling water is injected into the FEC cooling loops a number of degrees below the desired TPC working fuel temperature. Furthermore, it was proven that the body cooling loops are required to determine stable equilibrium values of the fuel working temperature. The response of the leakless plant to the sudden look of a major leak, e.g. the inadvertent removal of a silicon hose with water circulation on, has been tested employing specifically made mock-up sectors. The 2 mock-up sectors used have approximately the same properties as a real sector when it comes to silicon-hose tubing, i.e. the strain distribution of the water is similar to an actual sector. 0.7, as the result of an optimization course of, but will probably be a subject of additional investigation. Figure eighty one exhibits the TPC sign of cosmic tracks versus their momentum, from 8.3 million events.

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