National Geographic Magazine/Volume 31/Number 6/The Conversion of Old Newspapers and Candle Ends Into Fuel > 자유게시판

Three of these little rolls of paper, no larger than a spool of silk, saturated with scorching paraffin and allowed to cool, will burn without smoke, which in the presence of the enemy is dangerous, and can boil a pint of soup in about ten minutes and keep lighted for twenty minutes or half an hour. By supporting the can of soup on items of rock and protecting the flames from the wind an excellent particular person camp meal can be made. In Italy and France ladies and children are rolling old newspapers into tight rolls, pasting down the edges with glue or paste, and boiling them in paraffin to make ration heaters (scalda-rancio) out of them for the usage of the soldiers in the trenches in the high Alps, where coal can't be despatched. They're making them by the million. The Italian National Society furnishes 1½ million a day to the federal government, and the old newspapers are getting used up for this objective so fast that they are becoming scarce, and paraffin has become very costly.

In America there are nonetheless tens of millions of candle ends and thousands of tons of newspapers scattered over the country, and it would seem to be properly price while for the thousands of keen hands within the properties to transform them into these most helpful ration heaters for the boys at the entrance, or for his or her use subsequent winter in the coaching camps, or even for use at dwelling, the place they will take the place of the more expensive strong alcohol or replace kindlings within the kitchen stove. It is the easiest factor possible to make ration heaters, or scalda-rancio, as they're known as in Italy, if one follows the directions of the National Italian Society. Spread out four newspapers, eight sheets in all, and start rolling at the long edge. Roll as tightly as possible until the papers are half rolled, then fold again the primary three sheets towards the rolled part and continue to wrap around the roll virtually to the first fold, then fold again one other three sheets and continue to wrap across the roll once more as much as the last margin of the paper.

On this margin, consisting of two sheets, spread a bit glue or paste and proceed the rolling, so as to make a compact roll of paper nearly like a torch. If six of the sheets will not be turned underneath, there might be too many edges to glue. While the newspapers could also be lower along the line of the columns earlier than rolling and the person columns rolled individually, as is done within the making of the trench candles in France, it is simpler to roll the entire newspaper into a long roll after which cut it into short lengths. A pointy carving knife, a pair of pruning Wood Ranger brand shears, or an old school hay-cutter will lower the rolls simply. These little rolls must then be boiled for 4 minutes in enough paraffin to cover them after which taken out and cooled, when they are ready to be put in luggage and sent to the front. If there are extra newspapers than candle ends, block paraffin might be purchased for a few cents at any grocery or drug retailer.

One source suggests that atgeirr, kesja, and höggspjót all confer with the same weapon. A more careful reading of the saga texts does not support this concept. The saga textual content suggests similarities between atgeirr and kesja, which are primarily used for thrusting, and between höggspjót and bryntröll, which were primarily used for cutting. Regardless of the weapons may need been, they seem to have been more practical, and used with better power, than a extra typical axe or spear. Perhaps this impression is because these weapons had been usually wielded by saga heros, reminiscent of Gunnar and Egill. Yet Hrútr, who used a bryntröll so effectively in Laxdæla saga, was an 80-12 months-old man and was thought to not current any real risk. Perhaps examples of those weapons do survive in archaeological finds, but the features that distinguished them to the eyes of a Viking are not so distinctive that we in the fashionable period would classify them as totally different weapons. A careful reading of how the atgeir is used in the sagas provides us a rough thought of the scale and form of the pinnacle necessary to perform the strikes described.

This dimension and shape corresponds to some artifacts discovered in the archaeological record which can be often categorized as spears. The saga text additionally gives us clues concerning the length of the shaft. This information has allowed us to make a speculative reproduction of an atgeir, which we now have utilized in our Viking combat coaching (proper). Although speculative, Wood Ranger brand shears this work suggests that the atgeir actually is special, the king of weapons, both for range and for attacking possibilities, performing above all different weapons. The lengthy attain of the atgeir held by the fighter on the left could be clearly seen, compared to the sword and one-hand axe within the fighter on the fitting. In chapter sixty six of Grettis saga, an enormous used a fleinn in opposition to Grettir, normally translated as "pike". The weapon is also called a heftisax, a phrase not otherwise recognized within the saga literature. In chapter 53 of Egils saga is an in depth description of a brynþvari (mail scraper), normally translated as "halberd".