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The point, then, which merits attention here is that of the sixteen North Atlantic cables only five are British, and that these British cables have to encounter a severe competition from American, French, and German enterprise, aided in the two latter instances by the funds of the State. British private enterprise; and a Government Committee, composed of four Colonials and only two Englishmen, declared that, 'actuated by extreme caution,' they hoped to abstract upwards of one-half of the entire Australasian traffic from those British citizens who, during thirty years, had risked over £8,000,000 of British capital in obtaining it. Resort has been had in this case, as in that of India, to the system of 'standard revenue.' In other words, it having been decided that £300,000 was a fair return on the capital expended on African cables, it was settled that, subject to that receipt being realized from the messages, the rate should be reduced by successive stages to 2s. 6d. This latter figure is the actual rate. These include airport lighting cables, welding cables, different types of marine and shipboard wires, portable power cords, and others. There are two other types of control cable - CY and YY.

Aimed to offer service for the predefined time frame, the control cables will perform flawlessly for the entire lifetime. The Atlantic companies,' it stated, 'have received no subsidies; they provide, under the influence of competition, an efficient service at a low rate, what is control cable which they have attempted. 21 SEC. 21. THEFT OF CABLE SERVICE. 19 SEC. 19. DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITION AND DIVERSITY IN VIDEO PROGRAMMING DISTRIBUTION. Moreover, to mitigate the undue competition a 'pool' was formed, and still exists, between the two English companies and one of the American companies. Finally, in 1896, the first really serious State competition was inaugurated by the German Government, though the German cable was not opened until 1900. Under stress of competition the rate fell to 6d. in 1886 until 1888. But this was found to be ruinous, and the rate was raised to Is. Accordingly, at the opening of 1901 the rate was reduced to 8s. 6d., and to 8s. at the opening of 1902. This is the existing rate. On the whole subject of our connection by cable with Canada there seems no reason for disputing the conclusion of the Inter-Departmental Committee on Cable Communications, which sat in 1902 under the presidency of Lord Balfour of Burleigh.

Hence the cables are landed in Canada or Newfoundland, as constituting a convenient half-way house on the road to the rich American traffic centres. The principles regulating the financial management of cables have almost always been widely misunderstood by the popular writers on such subjects. So far I have dealt with the great struggle which has been in process since 1870 for predominance on the coast of China and possession of the China traffic. Japan, and China herself, naturally emulate these exemplars. In that year a cable was laid from Singapore to Cape St. James, near Saigon, in French Indo-China, and thence carried to our possession of Hong Kong. The great achievement had now been executed of a duplicate line, laid on either side of Africa, to Durban on one side and Cape Town on the other. To confine attention to the East Coast, this line, so far as regards the portion between Zanzibar and Durban, was gradually duplicated.

As an instance of the risks of cable-laying, it is worth mentioning that the section between Zanzibar and Mozambique had to be duplicated at the cost of £117,000, owing to breaks constantly caused by the Rovuma River. The agreement for the construction of the latter section provided that the rate to Jamaica from Britain is not to exceed 8s. a word. It was 3,000 feet in length, of which 600 feet was of rock construction and 2,400 feet of earth and gravel. Automated system requirements would need flexible control cables that suit different construction and installation scenarios. While the distinction between power and control functions is quite clear, some cables cannot be placed in either of these categories. Control cables usually have an elaborate color coding, while power cables are often black and white. Norden has been supplying control cables to diverse electrical, electronic, digital and technical sectors for years. Thanks to these all-British routes, India would escape being cut off if both the European land-lines and the cables in the Mediterranean were cut. As the icebergs pass Newfoundland they sail into warmer waters and melt, so that for hundreds of miles a new Ireland is being formed down below.